1835年,居留中国人士格尔斯指出:“科举是古往今来的其他伟大的君主制度所无法相比的。也许这就是他们所创造出来惟一值得保留的制度,而此制度还未被其他国家所采用。或许将来有一天,它会像火药和印刷术一样,在国家制度,甚至是欧洲的国家制度中,引起另一次伟大变革。”
1847年,曾到过中国的杜麦斯出版了《中国札记》,以近乎狂热的态度呼吁建立起向全体英国臣民开放的竞争性的考试制度,从而提高英国行政官员的水平,并促进大英帝国的团结。
1848年,威廉姆斯在《中央王国》一书中说:“从科考的结果看,中国政府的高官阶层中的不少官员都怀有让人极为敬佩的才能和知识,及爱国、正直和有条不紊的工作态度。它维持了这个国家庞大的机器的运转,也保持着一种不衰的崇文风气。”
1870年,史皮尔(Spear,汉名施惠廉)在《最古老与最年轻的国家:中国与美国》一书中说:“中国人民的竞争使得整个政府管理的政治原则公开化。听吧!西方国家,它没有世袭等级,或许没有个人荣耀,它没有财富的权力,它不主张任人唯亲,它也不去迎合世俗的偏见和利益。”
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Ichisada Miyazaki, China's Examination Hell: The Civil Service Examinations of Imperial China (New York: Weatherhill, 1976). ISBN 0-8348-0104-3, reprint 1981 ISBN 0-300-02639-0
John Chafee, The Thorny Gates of Learning in Sung [Song] China (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995).
Thomas H.C. Lee, Government Education and Examinations in Sung [Song] China (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press,; New York: St. Martin's Press, 1985).
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This article incorporates material from the Library of Congress that is believed to be in the public domain.
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