ThedifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinese
Introduction:ThereisnotonesingleChineselanguage,butmanydifferentversionsordialectsincludingWu,CantoneseandTaiwanese.NorthernChinese,alsoknownasMandarin,isthemothertongueofabout70%ofChinesespeakersandistheacceptedwrittenlanguageforallChinese.Belongingtotwodifferentlanguagefamilies,EnglishandChinesehavemanysignificantdifferences.ThismakeslearningEnglishaseriouschallengeforChinesenativespeakers.
Alphabet:Chinesedoesnothaveanalphabetbutusesalogographicsystemforitswrittenlanguage.Inlogographicsystemssymbolsrepresentthewordsthemselves-wordsarenotmadeupofvariouslettersasinalphabeticsystems.Becauseofthisfundamentaldifference,ChineselearnersmayhavegreatdifficultyreadingEnglishtextsandspellingwordscorrectly.
Phonology:MostaspectsoftheEnglishphonologicalsystemcausedifficultiesforChineselearners.SomeEnglishphonemesdonotexistinChinese;stressandintonationpatternsaredifferent.UnlikeEnglish,Chineseisatonelanguage.Thismeansthatitusesthepitch(highnessorlowness)ofaphonemesoundtodistinguishwordmeaning.InEnglish,changesinpitchareusedtoemphasizeorexpressemotion,nottogiveadifferentwordmeaningtothesound.
EnglishhasmorevowelsoundsthanChinese,resultinginthefaultypronunciationofwordslikeship/sheep,it/eat,full/fool.Dipthongssuchasinweigh,nowordeerareoftenshortenedtoasinglesound.
Chineselearnersfinditdifficulttohearthedifferencebetweenlandr,andsomaymispronouncerakeandriceaslakeandlice.AmajorproblemiswiththecommonfinalconsonantinEnglish.ThisfeatureismuchlessfrequentinChineseandresultsinlearnerseitherfailingtoproducetheconsonantoraddinganextravowelattheendoftheword.Forexample,hillmaybepronouncedasifwithoutthedoublellbutwithadrawnouti,orasrhymingwithkiller.
ThedifficultiesofpronouncingindividualEnglishwords,compoundedbyproblemswithintonation,resultintheheavilyaccentedEnglishofmanyChineselearners.Insomecases,evenlearnerswithperfectgrammarmaybeveryhardtounderstand.
Grammar-Verb/Tense:InEnglishmuchinformationiscarriedbytheuseofauxiliariesandbyverbinflections:is/are/were,eat/eats/ate/eaten,etc.Chinese,ontheotherhand,isanuninflectedlanguageandconveysmeaningthroughwordorder,adverbialsorsharedunderstandingofthecontext.TheconceptoftimeinChineseisnothandledthroughtheuseofdifferenttensesandverbforms,asitisinEnglish.ForallthesereasonsitisnotsurprisingthatChineselearnershavetroublewiththecomplexitiesoftheEnglishverbsystem.
Herearesometypicalverb/tensemistakes:
Whatdoyoudo?(i.e.Whatareyoudoing?)(wrongtense)
IwillcallyouassoonasIwillgetthere.(wrongtense)
ShehasgotmarriedlastSaturday.(wrongtense)
Shegoodteacher.(missingcopula)
Howmuchyoupayforyourcar?(missingauxiliary)
IwishIamrich.(indicativeinsteadofsubjunctive)
Englishcommonlyexpressesshadesofmeaningwithmodalverbs.Thinkforexampleoftheincreasingdegreeofpolitenessofthefollowinginstructions:
Openthewindow,please.
Couldyouopenthewindow,please?
Wouldyoumindopeningthewindow,please?
SinceChinesemodalsdonotconveysuchawiderangeofmeaning,ChineselearnersmayfailtouseEnglishmodalssufficiently.Thiscanresultinthemseemingperemptorywhenmakingrequests,suggestions,etc.
Grammar-Other:Chinesedoesnothavearticles,sodifficultieswiththeircorrectuseinEnglishareverycommon.
TherearevariousdifferencesinwordorderbetweenChineseandEnglish.InChinese,forexample,questionsareconveyedbyintonation;thesubjectandverbarenotinvertedasinEnglish.Nounscannotbepost-modifiedasinEnglish;andadverbialsusuallyprecedeverbs,unlikeinEnglishwhichhascomplexrulesgoverningthepositionofsuchsentenceelements.InterferencefromChinese,then,leadstothefollowingtypicalproblems:
Whenyouaregoinghome?
Englishisaveryhardtolearnlanguage.
NextweekIwillreturntoChina.(MoreusualEnglish:IwillreturntoChinanextweek.)
Vocabulary:Englishhasanumberofshortverbsthatverycommonlycombinewithparticles(adverbsorprepositions)toformwhatareknownasphrasalverbs;forexample:takeon,givein,makedowith,lookupto.ThiskindoflexicalfeaturedoesnotexistinChinese.Chineselearners,therefore,mayexperienceseriousdifficultyincomprehendingtextscontainingsuchverbsandavoidattemptingtousethemthemselves.
2【国内的】
3【老美】
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够吗，不够我再继续补充
因为太多了，所以把网址告诉你
