一、中、西方礼貌原则之比较
——AcompareofthemannersprinciplesbetweenChinese&Westernculture
礼貌原则由于中、西方文化的不同，其标准也各有差异。如Leech根据英美等西方国家人们的言语习惯、会话的文化特点等提出了礼貌原则的六个准则即：
DuetothedifferencebetweenChinese&Westernculture,thestandardsfortheirmannersprinciplesaredifferentfromeachother,forinstance,Leechbringsforwardsixrulesofmannersprinciplesaccordingtotheculturefeatureofthepeople’scodesoflanguageandtheirconversationinHesperiancountriessuchasBriton,Americaandotherwise,i.e.:
1、得体准则：最小限度地使别人受损：最大限度地使别人得益。
decencyprinciple,thatistomakeothersharmedleastandhimselfharmedfarthest;
2、慷慨准则：最小限度地使自己得益；最大限度地使自己受损。
bountyprinciple,thatislethimselfbenefitedleastbutharmedfarthest;
3、赞誉准则：最小限度地贬低别人；最大限度地赞誉别人。
recognitionprinciple,thatistopreachothersdownleastbutupfarthest;
4、谦逊准则：最大限度地赞誉别人：最大限度地贬低自己。
modestyprinciple,thatistopreachothersupfarthestwhilepreachhimselfdown;
5、一致准则：使对话双方的分歧减至最小限度；使对话双方的一致增至最大限度。
identificationprinciple,thatistoletthedifferencesinopinionofbothsidesdowntotheminimumanduptothemaximum;
6、同情准则：使对话双方的反感减至最小限度；使对话双方的同情增至最大限度。
sympathyprinciple,thatislettheantipathyfrombothsidesduringtheinterlocutiondowntotheminimumandthesympathyuptothemaximum.
顾日国结合其导师Leech的理论，根据汉语的文化源与流提出了汉语文化中礼貌规范的四大特点：尊重、谦逊、态度热情、文雅。并在此基础上提出了与汉语文化有关的五大礼貌准则：
CombiningLeech'stheory,Mr.GuRiguoadvancesfourfeaturesofthemannersnormsinChineselanguageculturebasedonChinesecivilizationsource:honour,modesty,passionofattitudeandrefinement.Andonthebasisofit,hebringsforwardfivemainmannersrules:
1、贬己尊人准则：指称自己或与自己相关的人或事物时要“贬”，要“谦”；称听者或与听者有关联的事物时要“抬”，要“尊”。
aruleofregardingotherswhilepreachingselfdown,thatistopreachselfdownandtokeepmodestwhenreferringtohimselforthethingsrelatedtohimself;topreachothersupandtoregardthemwhenreferringtothemorthethingsrelatedtothem.
2、称呼准则：指人们出于礼貌，在称呼上按“上下”“贵贱”“长幼”有别的传统来体现人际交往中的社会关系。
aruleofaddress:thatindicatesthat,duetobepolite,peopleembodythehumanrelationsinsocietyininterpersonalinteractionwhenaddressingeachotheraccordingtothedifferenttradition,“highandlow”,“gentleandsimple”,“oldanyoung”.
3、文雅准则：出言高雅，文质彬彬往往被认为是“懂礼貌”，“有教养”。
Aruleofrefinement:itisusuallydeemedto“urbanity”and“literacy”tobeelegantwhenspeakingandbehavegentle.
4、求同准则：就是注意与人的身份和社会地位保持相称，说话双方要力求和谐一致。
Aruleofidentification:thatistoregardtomatchpersonalstatuswiththesocialstatusandthebothsidesinadialogueoughttodotheirbesttokeepharmonious.
5、德、言、行准则：指在行为动机上尽量减少他人付出的代价。
Aruleofmoral,speechandconduct:itdenotesoneshouldrelieveothersfrompayingthefiddler.
看到的较晚，先翻译一半，如果可用，明天接着翻译另一半。
