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SPORT, CULTURE ANI} EMHOIIIED EXPERIENCE
‘sp:¤ccs’. which are as clearly de·marcau:d as factories in the held of
wm-k.
(1991: 227)
Thus sports Studi: and other such spaces arc developed in par: to concentrate
sporrs in a particular locale. such that access to participating in them cm bc
regulated [mg. by having no be a n1cmbcr of an athletic dub). md that the
viewing nf them by spectamn can be controlled (eg. by buying a ticker :0
watch an atl1ler.ics evem). Mmersver. sports sudia allow curtain spam like
athletics nr cycling to be ever more subject tc precise rule-s and regulations.
and the activities involved in chnzm ua be more rigumusly time-d and measured
[Bmhm 1978). Fmm his Mandst perspective, Lefehw (I99I: 408) sets such
sradia as ‘a repressive and oppressive space`, where thc activities of arhicrcs and
cllhtrs came mum and 11101*: under regulation and control by an array uf
authorities.
The historian Hnsnning Eichberg {1998: 153] discerns such 1 process char-
acrerisiug the development of the arenas tb: hall games such as soccer and
bascbal]. He argues that wr must unécrstand huw players uf such pmes phy,
md how they experience their play. in the context of thc changing demands
made upon ahem by sporting authorities who am cnnsunrly r¢·cas|:in.g scadiz
spaces in the direction of more and more •:0nrml over the nature ofplayn
I-Lichbzrg traces out a movement away Fmm the relatively unfnnned and
'¤pen' spaces of the pn:-modern soccer pitch tcwuds a much more .
f`¤rrna]i$ed and dzmzrcamd type 0[`space, which is ever more strictly regulated -
in terms ofthe size ofalau pitch. the spaces between ch: goal posts. and an cm.
Simultaneous wich this spatial dmvdupmcnt is 2 chronological pmccss.Thc
cnmmercialised sports industries. seeking to turn the game imc profitable
mm cnn:-rtainnmmt. rcquirc the pmduccion ¤F'1:cnsc` and mocking moments
which appeal tu potentially hug: audiences, and LHB abolition of the Inuser,
more unpredictable actions ofthe pre—m0dcrn game.
The imposition uf rule changes and devices to speed up play in 1 number
nf spam has altered the lived spaces occupied by players on the pitch and.,
thus. has implications fbr the appiicaticn of a Merlcau-·P0ntian phen0m¤r1u~·
logical analysis of spam: play. Taking soccer as an example: the
playevbodywubject, under pressure to keep the game moving quickly has
lem Iirnc at his or her disposal, `cither tn think bcfbn: passirag rhe ball. or tn
gain snme respite during breaks in play` (Giulian0t1§ I999: 143).The body of
rh: footballer and the spaces of soccer that sfhc experiences am lmrh rhus
compelled to change in order no pmvide novel means of rapid·-Eze 'cnter\:ain—
mcnI` {Inglis and Hughson 2UUU}.Th: experience ufactually playing soccer is
today being transformed by the imperatives of entertainment and pmtit, such
that the my the pitch ‘t'eels’ to the contemporary player might fairly be said
to have liu]: rrscnnblance no the way that this space was u.-xperienccd in the
past. Here we have a prime example uf how macm-level forces, in this mw;
