Eight Cuisines(八大菜系）
China covers a large territory and has many nationalities, hence a variety of Chinese food with different but fantastic and mouthwatering flavor. Since China's local dishes have their own typical characteristics, generally, Chinese food can be roughly divided into eight regional cuisines, which has been widely accepted around. Certainly, there are many other local cuisines that are famous, such as Beijing Cuisine and Shanghai Cuisine.
Shandong Cuisine
Consisting of Jinan cuisine and Jiaodong cuisine, Shandong cuisine, clear, pure and not greasy, is characterized by its emphasis on aroma, freshness, crispness and tenderness. Shallot and garlic are usually used as seasonings so Shangdong dishes tastes pungent usually. Soups are given much emphasis in Shangdong dishes. Thin soup features clear and fresh while creamy soup looks thick and tastes strong. Jinan cuisine is adept at deep-frying, grilling, frying and stir-frying while Jiaodong division is famous for cooking seafood with fresh and light taste.
Shandong is the birthplace of many famous ancient scholars such as Confucious and Mencius. And much of Shandong cuisine's history is as old as Confucious himself, making it the oldest existing major cuisine in China. But don't expect to gain more wisdom from a fortune cookie at a Shandong restaurant in the West since fortune cookies aren't even indigenous to China.
Shandong is a large peninsula surrounded by the sea to the East and the Yellow River meandering through the center. As a result, seafood is a major component of Shandong cuisine. Shandong's most famous dish is the Sweat and Sour Carp. A truly authentic Sweet and Sour Carp must come from the Yellow River. But with the current amount of pollution in the Yellow River, you would be better off if the carp was from elsewhere. Shandong dishes are mainly quick-fried, roasted, stir-fried or deep-fried. The dishes are mainly clear, fresh and fatty, perfect with Shandong's own famous beer, Qingdao Beer
Sichuan Cuisine
Sichuan Cuisine, known often in the West as Szechuan Cuisine, is one of the most famous Chinese cuisines in the world. Characterized by its spicy and pungent flavor, Sichuan cuisine, prolific of tastes, emphasizes on the use of chili. Pepper and prickly ash also never fail to accompany, producing typical exciting tastes. Besides, garlic, ginger and fermented soybean are also used in the cooking process. Wild vegetables and animals are usually chosen as ingredients, while frying, frying without oil, pickling and braising are applied as basic cooking techniques. It cannot be said that one who does not experience Sichuan food ever reaches China.
If you eat Sichuan cuisine and find it too bland, then you are probably not eating authentic Sichuan cuisine. Chili peppers and prickly ash are used in many dishes, giving it a distinctively spicy taste, called ma in Chinese. It often leaves a slight numb sensation in the mouth. However, most peppers were brought to China from the Americas in the 18th century so you can thank global trade for much of Sichuan cuisine's excellence. Sichuan hot pots are perhaps the most famous hotpots in the world, most notably the Yuan Yang (mandarin duck) Hotpot half spicy and half clear.
Guangdong Cuisine
Cantonese food originates from Guangdong, the southernmost province in China. The majority of overseas Chinese people are from Guangdong (Canton) so Cantonese is perhaps the most widely available Chinese regional cuisine outside of China.
Cantonese are known to have an adventurous palate, able to eat many different kinds of meats and vegetables. In fact, people in Northern China often say that Cantonese people will eat anything that flies except airplanes, anything that moves on the ground except trains, and anything that moves in the water except boats. This statement is far from the truth, but Cantonese food is easily one of the most diverse and richest cuisines in China. Many vegetables originate from other parts of the world. It doesn't use much spice, bringing out the natural flavor of the vegetables and meats.
Tasting clear, light, crisp and fresh, Guangdong cuisine, familiar to Westerners, usually chooses raptors and beasts to produce originative dishes. Its basic cooking techniques include roasting, stir-frying, sauteing, deep-frying, braising, stewing and steaming. Among them steaming and stir-frying are more commonly applied to preserve the natural flavor. Guangdong chefs also pay much attention to the artistic presentation of dishes.
Fujian Cuisine
Consisting of Fuzhou Cuisine, Quanzhou Cuisine and Xiamen Cuisine, Fujian Cuisine is distinguished for its choice seafood, beautiful color and magic taste of sweet, sour, salty and savory. The most distinct features are their "pickled taste".
Jiangsu Cuisine
Jiangsu Cuisine, also called Huaiyang Cuisine, is popular in the lower reach of the Yangtze River. Aquatics as the main ingredients, it stresses the freshness of materials. Its carving techniques are delicate, of which the melon carving technique is especially well known. Cooking techniques consist of stewing, braising, roasting, simmering, etc. The flavor of Huaiyang Cuisine is light, fresh and sweet and with delicate elegance. Jiangsu cuisine is well known for its careful selection of ingredients, its meticulous preparation methodology, and its not-too-spicy, not-too-bland taste. Since the seasons vary in climate considerably in Jiangsu, the cuisine also varies throughout the year. If the flavor is strong, it isn't too heavy; if light, not too bland.
Zhejiang Cuisine
Comprising local cuisines of Hangzhou, Ningbo and Shaoxing, Zhejiang Cuisine, not greasy, wins its reputation for freshness, tenderness, softness, smoothness of its dishes with mellow fragrance. Hangzhou Cuisine is the most famous one among the three.
Hunan cuisine
Hunan cuisine consists of local Cuisines of Xiangjiang Region, Dongting Lake and Xiangxi coteau. It characterizes itself by thick and pungent flavor. Chili, pepper and shallot are usually necessaries in this division.”鲁、川、粤、闽、苏(淮扬)、浙、湘、徽”是8大菜系,
“鲁、川、粤、淮扬” 是最好的四种
鲁、川、粤、淮扬四大菜系形成历史较早，后来，浙、闽、湘、徽等地方菜也逐渐出名，就形成了我国的八大菜系。
（1）鲁菜：鲁菜即山东风味菜，由济南、胶东、孔府菜点三部分组成。济南菜尤重制汤，清汤、奶汤的使用及熬制都有严格规定，菜品以清鲜脆嫩著称。胶东菜起源于福山、烟台、青岛，以烹饪海鲜见长，口味以鲜嫩为主，偏重清淡，讲究花色。孔府菜是“食不厌精，脍不厌细”的具体体现，其用料之精广、筵席之丰盛堪与过去皇朝宫迁御膳相比。山东菜调味极重、纯正醇浓，少有复杂的合成滋味，一菜一味，尽力体现原料的本味。另一特征是面食品种极多，小麦、玉米、甘薯、黄豆、高梁、小米均可制成风味各异的面食，成为筵席名点。山东著名风味菜点有：炸山蝎、德州脱骨扒鸡、原壳扒鲍鱼、九转大肠、糖醋黄河鲤鱼等。
（2）川菜：风味包括成都、重庆和乐山、自贡等地方菜的特色。主要特点在于味型多样，变化精妙。辣椒、胡椒、花椒、豆板酱等是主要调味品，不同的配比，化出了麻辣、酸辣、椒麻、麻酱、蒜泥、芥末、红油、糖醋、鱼香、怪味等各种味型，无不厚实醇浓，具有“一菜一格”、“百菜百味”的特殊风味，各式菜点无不脍炙人口。其中最负盛名的菜肴有：干烧岩鲤、干烧桂鱼、鱼香肉丝、怪味鸡、宫保鸡丁、粉蒸牛肉、麻婆豆腐、毛肚火锅、干煸牛肉丝、夫妻肺片、灯影牛肉、把担面、赖汤圆、龙抄手等。
（3）粤菜：粤菜即广东菜，由广州、潮州、东江三地特色菜点发展而成，是起步较晚的菜系，但它影响极大，不仅香港、澳门，而且世界各国的中菜馆，多数是以粤菜为主。粤菜注意吸取各菜系之长，形成多种烹饪形式，是具有自己独特风味的菜系。广州菜清而不淡，鲜而不俗，选料精当，品种多样，还兼容了许多西菜做法，讲究菜的气势、档次。潮州古属闽地，故潮州菜汇闽粤风味，以烹制海洋菜和甜食见长，口味清醇，其中汤菜最具特色。东江菜又称客家菜，客家为南徙的中原汉人，聚居于东江山区，其菜乡土气息浓郁，以炒、炸、焗、焖见长。粤菜总体上特点是选料广泛、新奇且尚新鲜，菜肴口味尚清淡，味别丰富，讲究清而不淡，嫩而不生，油而不腻，有“五滋”（香、松、软、肥、浓）、“六味”（酸、甜、苦、辣、咸、鲜）之别。时令性强，夏秋讲清淡，冬春讲浓郁，有不少菜点具有独特风味。
著名的菜点有：鸡烩蛇、龙虎斗、烤乳猪、东江盐焗鸡、白灼基围虾、烧鹅、蚝油牛肉、广式月饼、沙河粉、艇仔粥等。
（4）淮扬菜：淮扬菜是中国长江中下游地区的著名菜系，其覆盖地域甚广，包括现今江苏、浙江、安徽、上海，以及江西、河南部分地区，它有“东南第一佳味”、“天下之至美”之誉，声誉远播海内外。
由于后来浙江菜、徽菜以其鲜明特色各为八大菜系之一，淮扬菜汇于江苏，同时烹饪界习惯将淮扬菜系所属的江苏地区菜肴称为江苏菜，这样，淮扬菜成为单以扬州、淮安为中心，以大运河为主，南至镇江，北至洪泽湖、淮河一带，东至沿海地区的地方风味菜。淮扬菜选料严谨，讲究鲜活，主料突出，刀工精细，擅长炖、焖、烧、烤，重视调汤，讲究原汁原味，并精于造型，瓜果雕刻栩栩如生。口味咸淡适中，南北皆宜，并可烹制“全鳝席”。淮扬细点，造型美观，口味繁多，制作精巧，清新味美，四季有别。
代表菜有：清炖狮子头，拆烩鲢鱼头、扒烧整猪头、清蒸鲫鱼、水晶肴蹄、三套鸭、软兜鳝鱼、炝虎尾、炒蝴蝶片、冬瓜盅、三丁包子、翡翠烧卖、蟹黄汤包、千层油糕等。
江苏菜除上述淮扬菜外还包括南京菜、苏锡菜和徐州菜等地方菜系。南京菜烹调擅长炖、焖、叉、烤。特别讲究七滋七味：即酸、甜、苦、辣、咸、香、臭；鲜、烂、酥、嫩、脆、浓、肥。南京菜以善制鸭馔而出名，素有“金陵鸭馔甲天下”的美誉。苏锡菜擅长炖、焖、煨、焐，注重保持原汁原味，花色精细，时令时鲜，甜咸适中，酥烂可口，清新腴美。近年来又烹制“无锡乾隆江南宴”、“无锡西施宴”、“苏州菜肴宴”和太湖船菜。徐州菜风味在历史上属鲁菜系，随时代变迁，其菜已介乎苏、鲁两大菜系之间，口味鲜咸适度，习尚五辛、五味兼崇，清而不淡、浓而不浊。其菜无论取料于何物，均注意“食疗、食补”作用。另外，徐州菜多用大蟹和狗肉，尤其是全狗席甚为著名。
江苏名菜名点有：盐水鸭肫、炖苏核、炖生敲、生炒甲鱼、丁香排骨、清炖鸡子、金陵扇贝、芙蓉鲫鱼、菊花青鱼、菊叶玉版、金陵盐水鸭、叉烤鸭、叉烤鳜鱼（以上为南京名菜）；松鼠鳜鱼、碧螺虾仁、翡翠虾斗、雪花蟹斗、蟹粉鱼唇、蝴蝶海参、清汤鱼翅、香炸银鱼、染溪脆鳝、镜箱豆腐、无锡肉骨头、常熟叫花鸡、常州糟扣肉（以上为苏锡菜）；霸王别姬、沛公狗肉、彭城鱼丸、荷花铁雀、奶汤鱼皮、蟹黄鱼肚、凤尾对虾、爆炒乌花、红焖加吉鱼、红烧沙光鱼（以上为徐州菜）；天目湖砂锅鱼头、淮安软兜、金蹼仙裙。江苏点心富有特色，如秦淮小吃、苏州糕团、汤包，都很有名。
（5）闽菜：闽菜是以福州、闽南、闽西三地区地方风味菜为主形成的菜系。福州菜清鲜、爽淡，偏于甜酸，尤其讲究调汤，另一特色是善于用红糖作配料，具有防变质、去腥、增香、生味、调色作用。闽南菜以厦门为代表，同样具有清鲜爽淡的特色，讲究佐料长于使用辣椒酱、沙菜酱、芥末酱等调料。闽西位于粤、闽、赣三省交界处，以客家菜为主体，多以山区特有的奇味异品作原料，有浓厚山乡色彩。闽菜以炸、熘、焖、炒、炖、蒸为特色，尤以烹制海鲜见长，刀工精妙，人趣于味，汤菜居多，具有鲜、香、烂、淡并稍带甜酸辣的独特风味。福建小吃点心另有一功，它取材于沿海浅滩的各式海产品，配以特色调味而成，堪称美味。
最著名的风味菜点有：佛跳墙、鸡汤氽海蚌、淡糟香螺片、沙奈焖鸭块、七星鱼丸、糟醉鸡、煎糟鳗鱼、半月沉江、燕皮馄饨、福州线面、蚝仔煎等等。
（6）浙江菜：浙江菜有悠久的历史，它的风味包括杭州、宁波和绍兴三个地方的菜点特色。杭州菜重视原料的鲜、活、嫩，以鱼、虾、时令蔬菜为主，讲究刀工，口味清鲜，突出本味。宁波菜咸鲜合一，以烹制海鲜见长，讲究鲜嫩软滑，重原味，强调入味。绍兴菜擅长烹制河鲜家禽，菜品强调入口香绵酥糯，汤浓味重，富有乡村风味。
浙江菜具有色彩鲜明，味美滑嫩，脆软清爽，菜式小巧玲珑、清俊秀丽的特点。它以炖、炸、焖、蒸见长，重原汁原味。浙江点心中的团子、糕、羹、面点品种多，口味佳。
名菜名点有：龙井虾仁、西湖莼菜汤、虾爆鳝背、西湖醋鱼、炸响铃、抢蟹、新风鳗鲞、咸菜大汤黄鱼、冰糖甲鱼、牡蛎跑蛋、蜜汁灌藕、嘉兴粽子、宁波汤团、湖州千张包子等。
（7）湘菜：湘菜包括湘江流域、洞庭湖区和湘西山区三个地区的菜点特色。湘江流域以长江、衡阳、湘潭为中心，是湘菜的主要代表。其特色是油重色浓，讲求实惠，注重鲜香、酸辣、软嫩，尤以煨菜和腊菜著称。洞庭湖区的菜以烹制河鲜和家禽家畜见长，特点是量大油厚，咸辣香软，以炖菜、烧菜出名。湘西菜擅长制作山珍野味、烟熏腊肉和各种腌肉、风鸡，口味侧重于咸香酸辣，有浓厚的山乡风味。湖南菜最大特色一是辣，二是腊。
著名菜点有：东安子鸡、腊味合蒸、组庵鱼翅、冰糖湘莲、红椒腊牛肉、发丝牛百页、火宫殿臭豆腐、吉首酸肉、换心蛋等。
（8）徽菜：徽菜风味包括皖南、沿江、沿淮之地的菜点特色。皖南菜包括黄山、歙县（古徽州）、屯溪等地，讲究火功，善烹野味，量大油重，朴素实惠，保持原汁原味；不少菜肴都是取用木炭小火炖、煨而成，汤清味醇，原锅上席，香气四溢；皖南虽水产不多，但烹制经腌制的“臭桂鱼”知名度很高。沿江菜以芜湖、安庆地区为代表，以后也传到合肥地区，它以烹制河鲜、家畜见长，讲究刀工，注意色、形，善用糖调味，尤以烟熏菜肴别具一格。沿淮菜以蚌埠、宿县、阜阳等地为代表，菜肴讲究咸中带辣，汤汁色浓口重，亦惯用香菜配色和调味。著名风味菜有：无为熏鸭、毛峰熏鲥鱼、符离集烧鸡、方腊鱼、石耳炖鸡、云雾肉、绿豆煎饼、蝴蝶面等。
参考资料：baike.baidu.com
