TheConstitutionalMonarchy
ThepoliticalsystemofUKisconstitutionalmonarchy,asystemofgovernmentinwhichakingorqueenactsasHeadofState,whiletheabilitytomakeandpasslegislationresideswithanelectedparliament.Contrarytoabsolutismorabsolutemonarchywhereamonarchyruleswithtotalpower,thepowerofthemonarchunderconstitutionalmonarchyisrestrainedbyaparliament,bylaworbycustom;asintheUnitedKingdomtheSovereignreignsbutdoesnotrule.
ThehereditarymonarchyistheoldestsecularinstitutionofgovernmentintheUK,withrootsthatcanbetracedbacktotheSaxonswhoruledfromthe5thuntiltheNormanConquestin1066.Inover1000years,itscontinuityhasbeenbrokenonlyoncebyCromwell’s“Commonwealth”,whichlastedfromtheexecutionofCharlesItotherestorationofCharlesII.
Theoriginsoftheconstitutionalmonarchy,however,gobacktothetimewhentheleadingnoblesofEnglandsucceededinforcingKingJohntosigntheMagnaCartain1215.Untiltheendof17thcentury,Britishmonarchswereexecutivemonarchs,enjoyingtherightstomakeandpasslegislation.
TherealsenseconstitutionalmonarchystartedfromtheGloriousRevolutionin1688andthesubsequentBillofRightsof1689,whichestablishedbasictenetssuchasthesupremacyofparliament.BythereignofGeorgeV,theprincipleofconstitutionalmonarchywasfirmlyestablishedinBritain.Theconstitutionalmonarchyweknowtodayreallydevelopedinthe18thand19thcenturies,asday-to-daypowercametobeexercisedbyministersinCabinetandbyParliamentsbyasteadily-wideningelectorate.
InmodernBritain,whereclassandprivilegearenolongerasimportantastheyusedtobe,aninstitutionlikemonarchymightseemobsolete.However,anyseriousattempttoabolishthemonarchywouldmeetwithviolentoppositionfromallsectorsofBritishsociety.
WhatthenistheuseofhavingaMonarch?
Asasystemofgovernment,constitutionalmonarchyhasitsstrengths.OneisthatitseparatesouttheceremonialandofficialdutiesofHeadofStatefrompartypolitics.WalterBagehot,oneofthemostimportantVictorianwritersonthesubjectofconstitutionalmonarchy,describesthewayinwhichmonarchysymbolizetheunityofthenationalcommunity.“Thenationisdividedintoparties,butthecrownisofnoparty.Itsapparentseparationfrombusinessisthatwhichremovesitbothfromenmitiesandfromdesecration,whichpreservesitsmystery,whichenablesittocombinetheaffectionofconflictingparties...”
Besides,fromthepointofviewofpoliticalpower,accordingtoBagehot,themaininfluenceofSovereignisduringapoliticalministry,forSovereignhasthreerights:“therighttobeconsulted,therighttoencourage,therighttowarn”.ASovereignwould,overthecourseofalongreign,accumulatefarmoreknowledgeandexperiencethananyminister.EventhoughtheQueencoulddonothingtoalterCabinetdecisionsandneverrefusesherassenttosomethingshedisagreeswithbecausesheknowsthiswouldbeunconstitutional,shesometimeshasadefiniteandbeneficialinfluenceonthekindofdecisionstaken.
Morethanthis,theconstitutionalmonarchyfocus,asalong-establishedtradition,providesasenseofstability,continuityandanationalfocus,sincetheHeadofStateremainsthesameevenasgovernmentsandpoliticianscomeandgoaccordingtoelectionswonorlost.TheMonarchisalwaysthere,abovepartyquarrels,representingthenationasawhole,andlendingdignityandsignificancetoallthingsdoneinhername.Thesystembridgesthediscontinuityintimesofpoliticalandsocialchange.WithmorethanfivedecadesofreadingStatepapers,meetingHeadsofStateandambassadorsandholdingaweeklyaudiencewiththePrimeMinister,TheQueenhasanunequalledstoreofexperienceuponwhichsuccessivePrimeMinistershavebeenabletodraw.
TheBritishMonarchyisthesupremeillustrationofthewayBritishinstitutionsdevelop.Violentupheavalsarerare.Instead,theexistingisslowlymodifiedtosuitfreshconditions,untilintheendtheimpossibleisachieved—acompletelynewsystemwhichstilllooksexactlyliketheold.AndtheprideoftheBritishisthatalthoughitisillogical,itworks.
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君主立宪制
英国的政治体制是君主立宪制,即国王或王后担任国家元首的政府制度,而制定和通过立法的能力则由选举产生的议会负责。君主专制统治下的君主专制主义或专制君主政体,君主立宪制下君主的权力受到议会、法律或习俗的制约;在英国,君主统治但不统治。
世袭君主制是英国最古老的世俗政体,其根源可追溯到第五至1066年诺尔曼征服的撒克逊人。在1000多年的时间里,克伦威尔的“联邦”一次打破了它的连续性,从查尔斯一世的执行到查理二世的复辟。
君主立宪制的渊源,然而,回去的时候,英国的贵族,成功地迫使约翰国王1215签署大宪章。直到十七世纪底,英国君主都是行政君主,享有制定和通过立法的权利。
真正意义上的君主立宪制是从1688的光荣革命和后来的《1689权法案》开始的,该法案确立了议会至上等基本原则。乔治五世统治时期,英国确立了君主立宪的原则。我们今天所知道的君主立宪制确实发展于第十八和第十九世纪,因为内阁和议会中的部长们的日常权力由不断扩大的选民行使。
在现代英国,阶级和特权不再像过去那么重要了,像君主政体这样的机构似乎过时了。然而,任何废除君主制的严肃企图都会遭到英国社会各阶层的强烈反对。
那么,拥有君主又有什么用呢?
君主立宪制作为一种政体,有其自身的优势。其一是将国家元首的礼仪和公务从政党政治中分离出来。WalterBagehot,一个在君主立宪制的主体最重要的维多利亚时代的作家,介绍的方式,王权象征民族共同体的统一。这个国家分为两个党派,但这个国家没有党派。其表观与商业分离,删除它从仇恨和亵渎,保留它的神秘,这使它能够将冲突双方的感情…
此外,从政治的角度来看,Bagehot认为,主权的主要影响是政治部期间,主权有三项权利:“商量权,正确的鼓励,警告权”。在漫长的统治过程中,君主会比其他大臣积累更多的知识和经验。即使女王不能改变内阁的决定,也从不拒绝她不同意的东西,因为她知道这是违反宪法的,她有时对所做的决定有明确和有益的影响。
更重要的是,君主立宪制作为一个由来已久的传统,提供了一种稳定、连续性和国家重点的意识,因为国家元首仍然是相同的,即使政府和政治家根据选举的胜利或失败而来或去。君主总是站在那里,超越党派纷争,代表整个国家,为她所做的一切事情赋予尊严和意义。在政治和社会变革的时代,这一体系是桥梁的桥梁。拥有超过五年的阅读报纸,国家和大使首脑会议持每周的观众与首相,女王有一个无与伦比的存储经验的历届首相已经能够得出。
英国君主政体是英国制度发展的最高例证。暴力剧变是罕见的。相反,现有的慢慢修正以适应新的条件,直到最后不可能取得完全的新系统看起来完全一样。英国人的骄傲是,尽管它不合逻辑,但它确实有效。