十四行诗是指以抑扬格五音步(节奏为每行五个重音)写成的抒情诗,每节十四行,并由此得名。这种诗体最初起源于13世纪的意大利。一百年后,意大利诗人彼特拉克的作品使其达到了完美的形式,被称为“彼特拉克十四行诗”或“意大利十四行诗”。
为了标明韵脚,就需要为每一个音指定一个字母。例如,假如第一行以“oe'r”结尾,那么用字母a表示。第二行以“bed”结尾,用字母b表示。第三行以“led”结尾,还用b表示,因为bed和led是同韵词,等等。
十四行诗的头八行,叫做八行连句,韵脚为a-b-b-a,a-b-a,用于提出问题;后六行的韵脚为c-d-e,c-d-e,用于解决问题。
下面这首十四行诗是由亨利·沃兹沃斯·朗费罗创作的,为彼特拉克体,你可以用来学习这种诗体,也许你还想标出每一行的韵脚。
Nature
As a fond mother,when the day is o'er,
Leads by the hand her little child to bed、
Half willing,half reluctant to be led,
And leave his broken playthings on the floor,
Still gazing at them through the open door,
Nor wholly reassured and comforted
By promises of others in their stead,
Which,though more splendid,may not please him more;
So Nature deals with us,and takes away
Our playthings ode by one,and by the hand
Leads us to rest so gently,that we go
Scarce knowing if we wish to go or stay,
Being too full of sleep to understand
How far the unknown transcends the what we know.
通过阅读这首诗,我们可以看出彼特拉克体十四行诗的特点:
●结构:前八行提出问题——不愿意放弃生活。后六行解决问题——死亡并不恐惧,因为天国有着想象不到的荣耀。
●长度:十四行。
●节奏:抑扬格五音步,每行有五个重音。
●韵脚:下面是押韵格式:
单词韵脚
o'era
bedb
ledb
floora
doora
comfortedb
steadb
morea
awayc
handd
goc
stayc
understandd
knowe
16世纪,英国诗人扒窃了十四行诗的排列形式,但却将韵脚改成a-b-a-b,c-d-c-d,e-f-e-f,g-g。按照莎士比亚体的十四行诗(也称伊丽莎白体),诗人在前十二行提出问题,在最后的两行尾韵相谐的对句中解决问题。莎士比亚抓住并利用了这种诗体,成功地写出了许多著名的爱情十四行诗。
下面这首由埃德娜·文森特·米莱创作的英国式十四行诗会帮助你学习这种诗体:
Pity Me Not
Pity me not because the light of day
At close of day no longer walks the sky;
Pity me not for beauties passed away
From field and thicket as the year goes by;
Pity me not the waning of the moon,
Nor that the ebbing tide goes out to sea,
Nor that a man's desire is hushed so soon,
And you no longer look with love on me.
This I have known always:Love is no more
Than the wide blossom which the wind assails,
Than the great tide that treads the shifting shore,
Strewing fresh wreckage gathered in the gales;
Pity me that the heart is slow to learn
What the swift mind beholds at every turn.
让我们分析一下这首诗:
●结构:前十二行描述情况——诗人年纪大了,她的爱人不再渴望与她亲热。最后的对句解决问题——我终于明白是我的心和我的头脑在生活中发生了变化。
●长度:十四行。
●节奏:抑扬格五音步,每行有五个重音。
●韵脚:下面是押韵格式:
单词韵脚
daya
skyb
awaya
byb
moonc
sead
soonc
med
moree
assailsf
shorec
galesf
learng
turng