Blockadeisatacticalmethod.Withthisspecialtypeofdecoytheplayerforceshis/heropponenttoblockthewayofanother,moreimportantpiece(oftentheking)oftheirown,whichthenbecomesanobjectofattack.
1...Kg8-h82.Ne5-f7+Kh8-g83.Nf7-h6++Kg8-h84.Qd5-g8+!Re8xg85.Nh6-f7#
Breakingtheshelterofthekingcanberealizedbysacrifices.Startingpointforcombinationslikethisareweaknessescausedbythepushingofthepawnsonthewingtheopponenthascastledto.Anotherreasoncouldbeadisadvantageinthedevelopmentoftheopponent'spiecesandalackofspace.
1.Rh4xh7+Kh8xh72.Qf7-h5#
Catchingofapieceisatacticalmethodwhichaimsatlimitingthemovingpossibilitiesofapieceoftheopponent.Thispiecewillbefinallylost.
1...Ne7-g6!
Chasing:attackingapieceoftheopponentcontinuouslywhichcannotescapefromtheseattacksandhastomovetoabadplace.Thismethodleadstoadrawintheend.Mostfrequentlytheresultofpersecutionisaperpetualcheck(thekingisobjectofpersecution).
1.Qg6-f5Bh5-g42.Qf5-g6Bg4-h5=
Checkisthedirectattackoftheopponent'skingbyoneoftheplayer'spieces.
Chesscombination:asacrificeandforcedsequenceofmovestogainacertainadvantage.
Decoyisatacticalmethodwhichisusedtoforceapieceoftheopponenttomovetoanunfavourablesquare.Onceoccupyingthissquare,thispiecewillsoonbelostoritdisturbsthecoordinationofotherpiecessothatoneofthosewillbeconqueredbytheplayer.
1.Rg4-g8+Kf8xg82.Qf6-g7#
Deflection:isatacticalmethodusedtodistractapieceoftheopponentfromthedefenceofanimportantsquare,fileortheprotectionofanotherpiece.
1.Rh4-h8+Kg8xh82.Qd5xf7
Discoveredattack:bymovingawayacertainpiecetheplayeropensthewayforanotherpiecewhichimmediatelygetsattackingpossibilities.
1.Bd5xf7+Kg8xf72.Rd4xd8
Doubleattack:simultaneousattackoftwopiecesoftheopponentbyapawnoranyotherpiece.
Eliminationofadefendingpieceisatacticalmethodwhichliquidatesdefendingpiecesoftheopponent.Thepieceinquestioncanbeclearedawaybymeansofexchangeorsacrifice.
1.Rf4xf8+Kg8xf82.Qg4xd7
Interception:theaimofthistacticalmethodconsistsindisturbingthecoordinationofthepiecesoftheopponentstandinginthesamefileortopreventthattheopponent'spiecesreachimportantsquares.
1.Nd5-e7Bd6-e72.Qg6xg7#
Intermediatemoveisamoveoftheplayerwhichwasnotconsideredbytheopponentincalculatinghis/hervariationorcombination.Intermediatemovecandisturbourcalculations,changeplansorcausethefailureofcombinations.
1.e5-e6Qc7xf42.e6xd7+Ke8xd7Ng6xf4
Mate:apieceoftheplayercheckstheopponent'skingagainstwhichnodefenceispossible.Tomatetheopponentistheaimofeverychessgame.
Openfile:anopenfileisaverticallineinwhichnopawnisleft(neitherownnoropponent's).
Openingofafile:sometimesanownpieceblocksacertainfileordiagonalandtherebydisturbstheefficiencyofanotherpieceinthisfile(diagonal).Theaimofthistacticalmethodconsistsinmovingawaythispiecetoopenthefile(diagonal)fortheotherpiece.Asaresulttheplayermaywinanimportantsquare,shiftapiecetoamoreactivepositionorprepareathreat.
Overloading:apieceisoverloadedwhenithastoprotecttwoormoreotherpieces,squaresorthreatsatthesametime.Insituationslikethisopportunitiesoftenarisetobenefitfromtheoverloadingbydistractingthepiecefromoneorseveralofitsprotectingtasks.
1.Nd6-f5Qe7xc52.Rd4xd8#
Passedpawn:isafreerunningpawn.Theopponenthasnopawnonthesameortheadjoiningfiles.Apassedpawnisusuallyabigadvantagebecauseofitscapacity-incertaincases-tolimitthemovingpossibilitiesoftheopponent'spiecesandtobethetopicofacombination.
1...Qe4xe1+2.Qd1xe1d3-d23.Qe1-e2(d1)Rc5-c1+
Pawnbreakthrough:oneorseveralpawnsaresacrificedinordertocreateapassedpawnwhichcannotbestoppedfromconversion.
(DieKönigeseiensoweitentfernt,daßsienichtindenkampfeingreifenkönnen)
1.g5-g6!f7xg6(oder1...h7xg62.f5-f6!g7xf63.h5-h6)2.h5-h6!g7xh63.f5-f6
Perpetualcheck:thekingoftheopponentisexposedtoasequenceofchecksfromwhichhecannothide.Usuallythismethodisusedbyaplayerwithworsepositioninordernottoloosethegame.Perpetualcheckisthemostfrequenttypeofthechasing.
1.Kg1-h2Qe1-h4+2.Kh2-g1Qh4-e1+
Pinning:apieceorpawnispinnedwhenitcannotmoveawaybecauseamorevaluablepiecethenwouldbelost,akeysquarewouldbeattacked(unechte?pin)orthekingwouldbestandinginthecheck(echte?pin).
Playforstalemate:aplayer,usuallywithworseposition,playsforastalematebysacrificinghis/herlastpiecesinordertoreachastalemateposition.
1...Rf5-g5!2.Rg4xg5stalemate
Sacrifice:materialisvoluntarilygivenuptotheopponentinordertoobtainotherkindsofadvantages,e.g.attack,openkingetc.
Spaceclearance:similartotheopeningofafilethismethodisusedwhenanownpieceoccupiesasquareurgentlyneededbyanotherpiece.Thepiecedisturbingshouldbemovedaway,preferablywithoutlosingtime.Thismeansthatthepiececheckstheopponent,attacksapieceoftheopponentorisevensacrificed.Inthiswaytheopponenthasn'tgotthetimetotakeanystepsofdefence.
1.Rg7-h7+Kh8xh73.Qg5-g7#
Stalemate:theplayertomovehasnolegalmoveswithhis/herpiecesandpawnsandhis/herkingisnotchecked.
Weaknessofthebackrank:veryoftentheinsufficientprotectionofthefirst(last)rankbyheavypiecesorthemissingofasquareofescapegiveanopportunityforcombinations,resultinginmaterialdisadvantageormate.
1...Re4xe22.Re1xe2Rd5-d1#
X-ray:bishop,rookorqueenareattackingpieces,pawnsorsquaresoftheopponentonthelongfileordiagonalwhilethey(file,diagonal)arestillclosedbyownoropponent'spieces.
1.Qf4-f8+Re8xf82.Rd8xf8#
