非金属单质(F2,Cl2,O2,S,N2,P,C,Si)
1,氧化性:
F2+H2===2HF
F2+Xe(过量)===XeF2
2F2(过量)+Xe===XeF4
nF2+2M===2MFn(表示大部分金属)
2F2+2H2O===4HF+O2
2F2+2NaOH===2NaF+OF2+H2O
F2+2NaCl===2NaF+Cl2
F2+2NaBr===2NaF+Br2
F2+2NaI===2NaF+I2
F2+Cl2(等体积)===2ClF
3F2(过量)+Cl2===2ClF3
7F2(过量)+I2===2IF7
Cl2+H2===2HCl
3Cl2+2P===2PCl3
Cl2+PCl3===PCl5
Cl2+2Na===2NaCl
3Cl2+2Fe===2FeCl3
Cl2+2FeCl2===2FeCl3
Cl2+Cu===CuCl2
2Cl2+2NaBr===2NaCl+Br2
Cl2+2NaI===2NaCl+I2
5Cl2+I2+6H2O===2HIO3+10HCl
Cl2+Na2S===2NaCl+S
Cl2+H2S===2HCl+S
Cl2+SO2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HCl
Cl2+H2O2===2HCl+O2
2O2+3Fe===Fe3O4
O2+K===KO2
S+H2===H2S
2S+C===CS2
S+Fe===FeS
S+2Cu===Cu2S
3S+2Al===Al2S3
S+Zn===ZnS
N2+3H2===2NH3
N2+3Mg===Mg3N2
N2+3Ca===Ca3N2
N2+3Ba===Ba3N2
N2+6Na===2Na3N
N2+6K===2K3N
N2+6Rb===2Rb3N
P2+6H2===4PH3
P+3Na===Na3P
2P+3Zn===Zn3P2
2.还原性
S+O2===SO2
S+O2===SO2
S+6HNO3(浓)===H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O
3S+4HNO3(稀)===3SO2+4NO+2H2O
N2+O2===2NO
4P+5O2===P4O10(常写成P2O5)
2P+3X2===2PX3(X表示F2,Cl2,Br2)
PX3+X2===PX5
P4+20HNO3(浓)===4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2O
C+2F2===CF4
C+2Cl2===CCl4
2C+O2(少量)===2CO
C+O2(足量)===CO2
C+CO2===2CO
C+H2O===CO+H2(生成水煤气)
2C+SiO2===Si+2CO(制得粗硅)
Si(粗)+2Cl===SiCl4
(SiCl4+2H2===Si(纯)+4HCl)
Si(粉)+O2===SiO2
Si+C===SiC(金刚砂)
Si+2NaOH+H2O===Na2SiO3+2H2
3,(碱中)歧化
Cl2+H2O===HCl+HClO
(加酸抑制歧化,加碱或光照促进歧化)
Cl2+2NaOH===NaCl+NaClO+H2O
2Cl2+2Ca(OH)2===CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O
3Cl2+6KOH(热,浓)===5KCl+KClO3+3H2O
3S+6NaOH===2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O
4P+3KOH(浓)+3H2O===PH3+3KH2PO2
11P+15CuSO4+24H2O===5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO4
3C+CaO===CaC2+CO
3C+SiO2===SiC+2CO
二,金属单质(Na,Mg,Al,Fe)的还原性
2Na+H2===2NaH
4Na+O2===2Na2O
2Na2O+O2===2Na2O2
2Na+O2===Na2O2
2Na+S===Na2S(爆炸)
2Na+2H2O===2NaOH+H2
2Na+2NH3===2NaNH2+H2
4Na+TiCl4(熔融)===4NaCl+Ti
Mg+Cl2===MgCl2
Mg+Br2===MgBr2
2Mg+O2===2MgO
Mg+S===MgS
Mg+2H2O===Mg(OH)2+H2
2Mg+TiCl4(熔融)===Ti+2MgCl2
Mg+2RbCl===MgCl2+2Rb
2Mg+CO2===2MgO+C
2Mg+SiO2===2MgO+Si
Mg+H2S===MgS+H2
Mg+H2SO4===MgSO4+H2
2Al+3Cl2===2AlCl3
4Al+3O2===2Al2O3(钝化)
4Al(Hg)+3O2+2xH2O===2(Al2O3.xH2O)+4Hg
4Al+3MnO2===2Al2O3+3Mn
2Al+Cr2O3===Al2O3+2Cr
2Al+Fe2O3===Al2O3+2Fe
2Al+3FeO===Al2O3+3Fe
2Al+6HCl===2AlCl3+3H2
2Al+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2
2Al+6H2SO4(浓)===Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O
(Al,Fe在冷,浓的H2SO4,HNO3中钝化)
Al+4HNO(稀)===Al(NO3)3+NO+2H2O
3Fe+4H2O(g)===Fe3O4+4H2
Fe+2HCl===FeCl2+H2
Fe+CuCl2===FeCl2+Cu
Fe+SnCl4===FeCl2+SnCl2
(铁在酸性环境下,不能把四氯化锡完全
还原为单质锡Fe+SnCl2==FeCl2+Sn)
三,非金属氢化物(HF,HCl,H2O,H2S,NH3)
1,还原性:
4HCl(浓)+MnO2===MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O
4HCl(g)+O2===2Cl2+2H2O
16HCl+2KMnO4===2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O
14HCl+K2Cr2O7===2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2+7H2O
2H2O+2F2===4HF+O2
2H2S+3O2(足量)===2SO2+2H2O
2H2S+O2(少量)===2S+2H2O
2H2S+SO2===3S+2H2O
H2S+H2SO4(浓)===S+SO2+2H2O
3H2S+2HNO(稀)===3S+2NO+4H2O
5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4===2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S+8H2O
3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4===Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+3S+7H2O
2高中化学方程式小结(仅供参考)
H2S+4Na2O2+2H2O===Na2SO4+6NaOH
2NH3+3CuO===3Cu+N2+3H2O
2NH3+3Cl2===N2+6HCl
8NH3+3Cl2===N2+6NH4Cl
4NH3+3O2(纯氧)===2N2+6H2O
4NH3+5O2===4NO+6H2O
4NH3+6NO===5N2+6HO(用氨清除NO)
NaH+H2O===NaOH+H2
4NaH+TiCl4===Ti+4NaCl+2H2
CaH2+2H2O===Ca(OH)2+2H2
2,酸性:
4HF+SiO2===SiF4+2H2O
(此反应广泛应用于测定矿样或钢样中SiO2的含量)
2HF+CaCl2===CaF2+2HCl
H2S+Fe===FeS+H2
H2S+CuCl2===CuS+2HCl
H2S+2AgNO3===Ag2S+2HNO3
H2S+HgCl2===HgS+2HCl
H2S+Pb(NO3)2===PbS+2HNO3
H2S+FeCl2===FeS+2HCl↑
2NH3+2Na==2NaNH2+H2
(NaNH2+H2O===NaOH+NH3)
3,碱性:
NH3+HCl===NH4Cl
NH3+HNO3===NH4NO3
2NH3+H2SO4===(NH4)2SO4
NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2===NaHCO3↓+NH4Cl
(此反应用于工业制备小苏打,苏打)
4,不稳定性:
2HF===H2+F2
2HCl===H2+Cl2
2H2O===2H2+O2
2H2O2===2H2O+O2
H2S===H2+S
2NH3===N2+3H2
四,非金属氧化物
1,低价态的还原性:
2SO2+O2===2SO3
2SO2+O2+2H2O===2H2SO4
(这是SO2在大气中缓慢发生的环境化学反应)
SO2+Cl2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HCl
SO2+Br2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HBr
SO2+I2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HI
SO2+NO2===SO3+NO
2NO+O2===2NO2
NO+NO2+2NaOH===2NaNO2
(用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾气中的NO和NO2)
2CO+O2===2CO2
CO+CuO===Cu+CO2
3CO+Fe2O3===2Fe+3CO2
CO+H2O===CO2+H2
2,氧化性:
SO2+2H2S===3S+2H2O
SO3+2KI===K2SO3+I2
NO2+2KI+H2O===NO+I2+2KOH
(不能用淀粉KI溶液鉴别溴蒸气和NO2)
4NO2+H2S===4NO+SO3+H2O
2NO2+Cu===4CuO+N2
CO2+2Mg===2MgO+C
(CO2不能用于扑灭由Mg,Ca,Ba,Na,K等燃烧的火灾)
SiO2+2H2===Si+2H2O
SiO2+2Mg===2MgO+Si
3,与水的作用:
SO2+H2O===H2SO3
SO3+H2O===H2SO4
3NO2+H2O===2HNO3+NO↑
N2O5+H2O===2HNO3
P2O5+H2O===2HPO3
P2O5+3H2O===2H3PO4
(P2O5极易吸水,可作气体干燥剂
P2O5+3H2SO4(浓)===2H3PO4+3SO3)
CO2+H2O===H2CO3