1.
a. Describe the evolution of Chicago’s drinking water system from 1834 up to 1861. (8 marks)
Lake Michigan was the original water resource for Chicago and removed consequently. However, the point of intake was near the dirty Chicago river causing the water to be of poor quality. Getting enough water was also a problem. People had try to make the quantity and quality of the water better, however, they failed. The engineer of Board of Public Works had discern and evaluate them, and a tunnel had been recommended by Chesbrough in 1861.
b. During that period of time, what had happened to the Chicago River? (2 marks)
Factories and developments along the river dumped waste into the water causing pollution, furthermore they are unable to clear that. There is another fact, a rainfall that had eroded the rubbish from the city to the river and polluted it in 1888.
c. What were the results of this pollution? (2 marks)
Outbreaks of cholera and dysentery occured because of the polluted water in the Chicago river.
d. Describe three ways the city has dealt with the problems they encountered from 1869 to before the construction of the first sewage treatment plants in the 1930’s. (9 marks)
Chicago had three methods of fixing the sewage problem. The first one is hiring sewage commissioners to oversee sewer installation in major areas of the city. They had clean huge amount of dump everyday, although , the consequence of this is not very effective. The second one is digging ditches in less populated areas, there are 88 drainages were digged before the sewage was built. The last one is coordinating future sewage system plans, which made by the government. the sewage treatment was planed by them for a long time.
2.
a. What is the Tunnel and Reservoir Plan (TARP)? (4 marks)
TARP, also known as "Deep Tunnel" was a 2 phase plan started by Chicago in the 1970s. The 2 phases were antipollution and antiflooding.
b. Describe the diameter, capacity and depth of the tunnels underground. (3 marks)
Chicago's tunnels have 131 miles altogether, some going as deep as 350 feet with diameters from nine to 33 feet. One-hundred-ten miles came from the antipollution phase, and 21 miles from the antiflooding phase. The antiflooding phase also brought 3 large reservoirs.
c. List four beneficial results of this plan. (4 marks)
Chicago's sewer system brings many benefits. First, it provides storage for water so as to not overload treatment facilities. Second, the release of untreated water into nearby water sources is eliminated. Third, floods are controlled to stay off the streets and out of basements. Fourth, water pollution is minimized.
1a. (1)In the past, people from Chicago used Lake Michigan as their water resource. The water intake initiated near the Chicago River which was polluted. The water quality was bad and insufficient for the city's needs.
1a. (2)Lake Michigan was the original water resource for Chicago. However, the point of intake was near the dirty Chicago river causing the water to be of poor quality. Getting enough water was also a problem.
1b. (1)Industrial waste and commercial development caused the water to become polluted.
1b. (2) Factories and developments along the river dumped waste into the water causing pollution.
1c. (1)The pollution in the water caused epidemics of cholera and dysentary.
1c. (2) Outbreaks of cholera and dysentary occured because of the polluted water in the Chicago river.
1d. (1) First, they employed sewage commissioners to start installing sewers in the busiest parts of the city. Second, they dug ditches in other less densely populated parts of the city. Third, they planned a sewage system for the future, leading to the first major sewer system in the US.
1d. (2)Chicago had three methods of fixing the sewage problem which include: hiring sewage commissioners to oversee sewer installation in major areas of the city, digging ditches in less populated areas, and coordinating future sewage system plans.
2a. (1)TARP was started in the 1970's and was nicknamed "Deep Tunnel." The plan included 2 phases: antipollution, and antiflooding.
2a. (2) TARP, also known as "Deep Tunnel" was a 2 phase plan started by Chicago in the 1970s. The 2 phases were antipollution and antiflooding.
2b. (1)The antipollution phase created 110 miles of tunnels and the antiflooding phase created 21 more miles of tunnels with 3 large reservoirs. The tunnels go as deep as 350 feet.The diameter of tunnels ranges from nine to 33 feet.
2b. (2) Chicago's tunnels have 131 miles altogether, some going as deep as 350 feet with diameters from nine to 33 feet. One-hundred-ten miles came from the antipollution phase, and 21 miles from the antiflooding phase. The antiflooding phase also brought 3 large reservoirs.
2c. (1) The benefits of Chicago's system include: (1)elimination of untreated water released into streams, (2) flood control (3) minimization of water pollution, and (4) storage before water treatment.
2c. (2) Chicago's sewer system brings many benefits. First, it provides storage for water so as to not overload treatment facilities. Second, the release of untreated water into nearby water sources is eliminated. Third, floods are controlled to stay off the streets and out of basements. Fourth, water pollution is minimized.
