什么是三帧差分法

三帧差分算法是相邻两帧差分算法的一种改进方法，它选取连续三帧视频图像进行差分运算，消除由于运动而显露背景影响，从而提取精确的运动目标轮廓信息。该算法的基本原理是是先选取视频图像序列中连续三帧图像并分别计算相邻两帧的差分图像，然后将差分图像通过选取适当的阈值进行二值化处理，得到二值化图像，最后在每一个像素点得到的二值图像进行逻辑与运算，获取共同部分，从而获得运动目标的轮廓信息。
三帧差法的具体算法如下。
提取连续的三帧图像，I(k-1),I(k),I(k+1) 。
(1) d(k,k-1) [x,y] = | I(k)[x,y] - I(k-1)[x,y] |;
d(k,k+1)[x,y] = | I(k+1)[x,y] - I(k)[x,y] |;
(2) b(k,k-1)[x,y] = 1; if d(k,k-1) [x,y] >= T;
b(k,k-1)[x,y] = 0; if d(k,k-1) [x,y] < T;
b(k+1,k)[x,y] = 1 if d(k+1,k) [x,y] >= T;
b(k+1,k)[x,y] = 0 if d(k+1,k) [x,y] < T;
(3) B(k)[x,y] = 1 ; if b(k,k-1)[x,y] && b(k+1,k)[x,y] == 1 ;
B(k)[x,y] = 0 ; if b(k,k-1)[x,y] && b(k+1,k)[x,y] ==0 ;
比较关键的就是第2步的阈值T的选取问题，单纯用otsu算法分割貌似效果不太好，如果手动设置一个较小的值（如10）效果还行。
用otsu取阈值实现的一个三分差法代码。效果不是很好。
运行环境 VS2008＋OpenCV2.0＋windows XP .
[cpp] view plaincopyprint?#include "highgui.h"
#include "cv.h"
#include "cxcore.h"
#include "cvaux.h"
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
using namespace std;

#pragma comment(lib, "highgui200.lib")
#pragma comment(lib, "cv200.lib")
#pragma comment(lib, "cxcore200.lib")
#pragma comment(lib, "cvaux200.lib")

#define GET_IMAGE_DATA(img, x, y) ((uchar*)(img->imageData + img->widthStep * (y)))[x]
int T = 10;
int Num[300];
int Sum[300];

void InitPixel(IplImage * img, int &_low, int &_top)
{
memset(Num,0,sizeof(Num));
memset(Sum,0,sizeof(Sum));
_low = 255;
_top = 0;
for(int i = 0;i < img->height;i++)
{
for(int j = 0;j < img->width;j++)
{
int temp = ((uchar*)(img->imageData + img->widthStep*i))[j];
if(temp < _low)
_low = temp;
if(temp > _top)
_top = temp;
Num[temp] += 1;
}
}
for(int i = 1 ; i < 256 ; i++)
{
Sum[i] = Sum[i-1]+ i*Num[i];
Num[i] += Num[i-1];
}
}
int otsu (IplImage *img)
{
int _low,_top,mbest=0;
float mn = img->height*img->width;
InitPixel(img,_low,_top);
float max_otsu = 0;
mbest = 0;
if( _low == _top)
mbest = _low;
else
{
for(int i = _low; i< _top ; i++)
{
float w0 = (float)((Num[_top]-Num[i]) / mn);
float w1 = 1 - w0;
float u0 = (float)((Sum[_top]-Sum[i])/(Num[_top]-Num[i]));
float u1 = (float)(Sum[i]/Num[i]);
float u = w0*u0 + w1*u1;
float g = w0*(u0 - u)*(u0 - u) + w1*(u1 - u)*(u1 - u);
if( g > max_otsu)
{
mbest = i;
max_otsu = g;
}
}
}
return mbest;
}
int main()
{
int ncount=0;
IplImage *image1=NULL;
IplImage *image2=NULL;
IplImage *image3=NULL;
IplImage *Imask =NULL;
IplImage *Imask1=NULL;
IplImage *Imask2=NULL;
IplImage *Imask3=NULL;
IplImage *mframe=NULL;
CvCapture *capture = cvCreateFileCapture("E:\\Motion\\IndoorGTTest2.avi");
//CvCapture *capture = cvCreateCameraCapture(0);
cvNamedWindow("src");
cvNamedWindow("dst");
cvNamedWindow("Imask1");
cvNamedWindow("Imask2");
cvNamedWindow("Imask3");
//cvCreateTrackbar("T","dst",&T,255,0);
while(mframe=cvQueryFrame(capture))
{
DWORD start=GetTickCount();
if(ncount>1000000000)
ncount=100;
ncount+=1;
if(ncount==1)
{
image1=cvCreateImage(cvGetSize(mframe),IPL_DEPTH_8U,1);
image2=cvCreateImage(cvGetSize(mframe),IPL_DEPTH_8U,1);
image3=cvCreateImage(cvGetSize(mframe),IPL_DEPTH_8U,1);
Imask =cvCreateImage(cvGetSize(mframe),IPL_DEPTH_8U,1);
Imask1=cvCreateImage(cvGetSize(mframe),IPL_DEPTH_8U,1);
Imask2=cvCreateImage(cvGetSize(mframe),IPL_DEPTH_8U,1);
Imask3=cvCreateImage(cvGetSize(mframe),IPL_DEPTH_8U,1);

cvCvtColor(mframe,image1,CV_BGR2GRAY);
}
if(ncount==2)
cvCvtColor(mframe,image2,CV_BGR2GRAY);

if(ncount>=3)
{
if(ncount==3)
cvCvtColor(mframe,image3,CV_BGR2GRAY);
else
{
cvCopy(image2,image1);
cvCopy(image3,image2);
cvCvtColor(mframe,image3,CV_BGR2GRAY);
}

cvAbsDiff(image2,image1,Imask1);
cvAbsDiff(image3,image2,Imask2);

//cvShowImage("Imask1",Imask1);
//cvShowImage("Imask2",Imask2);

int mbest1 = otsu(Imask1);
cvSmooth(Imask1, Imask1, CV_MEDIAN);
cvThreshold(Imask1,Imask1,mbest1, 255, CV_THRESH_BINARY);

int mbest2 = otsu(Imask2);
cvSmooth(Imask2,Imask2, CV_MEDIAN);
cvThreshold(Imask2,Imask2,mbest2, 255, CV_THRESH_BINARY);

cout<
cvAnd(Imask1,Imask2,Imask);

/*cvErode(Imask, Imask);
cvDilate(Imask,Imask);*/

DWORD finish=GetTickCount();
// cout<
cvShowImage("src",image2);
cvShowImage("dst",Imask);
}
char c = cvWaitKey(30);
if(c==27)
break;
}

return 0;
}