求一篇关于桥梁方面的外文文献及翻译

2022-04-15 旅游 70阅读
石拱桥的桥洞成弧形,就像虹。古代神话里说,雨后彩虹是“人间天上的桥”,通过彩虹就能上天。我国的诗人爱把拱桥比作虹,说拱桥是“卧虹”“飞虹”,把水上拱桥形容为“长虹卧波”。
石拱桥在世界桥梁史上出现得比较早。这种桥不但形式优美,而且结构坚固,能几十年几百年甚至上千年雄跨在江河之上,在交通方面发挥作用。
我国的石拱桥有悠久的历史。《水经注》里提到的“旅人桥”,大约建成于公元282年,可能是有记载的最早的石拱桥了。我国的石拱桥几乎到处都有。这些桥大小不一,形式多样,有许多是惊人的杰作。其中最著名的当推河北省赵县的赵州桥,还有北京丰台区的卢沟桥。
赵州桥横跨在洨河上,是世界著名的古代石拱桥,也是造成后一直使用到现在的最古的石桥。这座桥修建于公元605年左右,到现在已经一千三百多年了,还保持着原来的雄姿。到解放的时候,这座古桥又恢复了青春。
赵州桥非常雄伟,全长50.82米,两端宽9.6米,中部略窄,宽9米。桥的设计完全合乎科学原理,施工技术更是巧妙绝伦。唐朝的张嘉贞说它“制造奇特,人不知其所以为”。这座桥的特点是:(一)全桥只有一个大拱,长达37.4米,在当时可算是世界上最长的石拱。桥洞不是普通半圆形,而是像一张弓,因而大拱上面的道路没有陡坡,便于车马上下。(二)大拱的两肩上,各有两个小拱。这是创造性的设计,不但节约了石料,减轻了桥身的重量,而且在河水暴涨的时候,还可以增加桥洞的过水量,减轻洪水对桥身的冲击。同时,拱上加拱,桥身也更美观。(三)大拱由28道拱圈拼成,就像这么多同样形状的弓合龙在一起,作成了一个弧形的桥洞。每道拱圈都能独立支撑上面的重量,一道坏了,其他各道不致受到影响。(四)全桥结构匀称,和四周景色配合得十分和谐;桥上的石栏石板也雕刻得古朴美观。唐朝的张鷟说,远望这座桥就像“初月出云,长虹引涧”。赵州桥高度的技术水平和不朽的艺术价值,充分显示出了我国劳动人民的智慧和力量。桥的主要设计者李春就是一位杰出的工匠,在桥头的碑文里刻着他的名字。
永定河上的卢沟桥,修建于公元1189到1192年间。桥长265米,由11个半圆形的石拱组成,每个石拱长度不一,自16米到21.6米。桥宽约8米,路面平坦,几乎与河面平行。每两个石拱之间有石砌桥墩,把11个石拱联成一个整体。由于各拱相联,所以这种桥叫做联拱石桥。永定河发水时,来势很猛,以前两岸河堤常被冲毁,但是这座桥却极少出事,足见它的坚固。桥面用石板铺砌,两旁有石拦石柱。每个柱头上都雕刻着不同姿态的狮子。这些石刻狮子,有的母子相抱,有的交头接耳,有的像倾听水声,有的像注视行人,千态万状惟妙惟肖。
早在13世纪,卢沟桥就闻名世界。那时候有个意大利人马可·波罗来过中国,他的游记里,十分推崇这座桥,说它“是世界上独一无二的”,并且特别欣赏桥拦柱上刻的狮子,说它们“共同构成美丽的奇观”。在国内,这座桥也是历来为人们所称赞的。它地处入都要道,而且建筑优美,“卢沟晓月”很早就成为北京的胜景之一。
卢沟桥在我国人民反抗帝国主义侵略战争的历史上,也是值得纪念的。1937年7月7日中国军队在此抗击日本帝国主义的侵略,揭开抗日战争的序幕。
为什么我国的石拱桥会有这样光辉的成就呢?首先,在于我国劳动人民的勤劳和智慧。他们制作石料的工艺极其精巧,能把石料切成整块大石碑,又能把石块雕刻成各中形象。在建筑技术上有很多创造,在起重吊装方面更有意想不到的办法。如福建漳州的江东桥,修建于八百年前,有的石梁一块就有二百来吨重,究竟是怎样安装上去的,至今还不完全知道。其次,我国石拱桥的设计有优良传统,建成的桥,用料省,结构巧,强度高。再其次,我国富有建筑用的各种石料,便于就地取材,这也为修造石桥提供了有利条件。
两千年来,我国修建了无数的石拱桥。解放后,全国大规模兴建起各种形式的公路桥和铁路桥。其中就有不少石拱桥。1961年,云南省建成可一座世界最长的独拱石桥,名叫“长虹大桥”,石拱长达112.5米。在传统的石拱桥的基础上,我们还造了大量的钢筋混凝土拱桥,其中“双曲拱桥”是我国劳动人民的新创造,是世界上所仅有的。近几年来,全国早了总长二十余万米的这种拱桥,其中最大的一孔,长达150米。我国桥梁事业的飞跃发展,表明了我国社会主义制度的无比优越。
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