如何计算"子网掩码"

2020-06-05 科技 55阅读
1.子网掩码的概念
子网掩码是一个32位地址,用于屏蔽IP地址的一部分以区别网络标识和主机标识,并说明该IP地址是在局域网上,还是在远程网上。
2.确定子网掩码数
用于子网掩码的位数决定于可能的子网数目和每个子网的主机数目。在定义子网掩码前,必须弄清楚本来使用的子网数和主机数目。
定义子网掩码的步骤为:
A、确定哪些组地址归我们使用。比如我们申请到的网络号为 “210.73.a.b”,该网络地址为c类IP地址,网络标识为“210.73”,主机标识为“a.b”。
B、根据我们现在所需的子网数以及将来可能扩充到的子网数,用宿主机的一些位来定义子网掩码。比如我们现在需要12个子网,将来可能需要16个。用第三个字节的前四位确定子网掩码。前四位都置为“1”,即第三个字节为“11110000”,这个数我们暂且称作新的二进制子网掩码。
C、把对应初始网络的各个位都置为“1”,即前两个字节都置为“1”,第四个字节都置为“0”,则子网掩码的间断二进制形式为:“11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000”
D、把这个数转化为间断十进制形式为:“255.255.240.0”
这个数为该网络的子网掩码。
3.IP掩码的标注
A、无子网的标注法
对无子网的IP地址,可写成主机号为0的掩码。如IP地址210.73.140.5,掩码为255.255.255.0,也可以缺省掩码,只写IP地址。
B、有子网的标注法
有子网时,一定要二者配对出现。以C类地址为例。
1.IP地址中的前3个字节表示网络号,后一个字节既表明子网号,又说明主机号,还说明两个IP地址是否属于一个网段。如果属于同一网络区间,这两个地址间的信息交换就不通过路由器。如果不属同一网络区间,也就是子网号不同,两个地址的信息交换就要通过路由器进行。例如:对于IP地址为210.73.140.5的主机来说,其主机标识为00000101,对于IP地址为210.73.140.16的主机来说它的主机标识为00010000,以上两个主机标识的前面三位全是000,说明这两个IP地址在同一个网络区域中。
2.掩码的功用是说明有子网和有几个子网,但子网数只能表示为一个范围,不能确切讲具体几个子网,掩码不说明具体子网号,有子网的掩码格式(对C类地址):主机标识前几位为子网号,后面不写主机,全写0。
子网掩码 255。255。255。0
IP地址178.016.010.000
划分 218 个,子网掩码是255.255.255.0
每段子网的网络号是TO前IP的最后一位减1
每段子网的广播地址是TO后IP最后一位加1
1> 178.016.0.1 TO 178.016.0.254
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