① 这里的“通过”是什么意思? 是“通过”手段方法的通过? 还是“经过路过”的通过? 如果是后者,by指over surface,从面上过;而through是. in at one end, side, or surface and out at the other。 具体来说:如果有一个平面,无论它怎么放置,从一边的表面经过是by,而直接穿过一面都另一面是through,所以by是平面的,而through有立体的感觉。
② 如果“通过”是手段方法,
by = indicating the means of achieving something.
through = by means of (a process or intermediate stage).
by只讲结果,因此很“直接”;through侧重通过“过程”得到结果,因此有“间接”的含义。
例如:The house was destroyed by tornado, and it has been rebuilt through the help of diasaster relief fund. 这里Tornado直接作用destroy了house,而fund间接地,通过相关渠道到了屋主手里,而又通过建筑部门,帮助最后完成了重建(through也有at the end of; having (esp successfully) completed,因此这是一致的);通过努力,通过过程,这些都可用through,又如:I learned that through a lot of practice. -- 因此又可看出through比较有感情色彩,而by只是直接陈述(透过某个系统,这些客观的存在,得到一个真实的结果),所以不透露过程信息。
③ 大致可以通过添加或替换动名词的方式,来判断by或through的使用。
I'll pay you by check --- I'll pay you by using/writing a check.
I learned that through practice. -- I learned that by practicing.
④ 这只是基本准则,不是一定的,要根据内容来解读。比如:
I'll send it to you by/through mail. -- 这里by和through都可以~。by是客观机制的产物,through则和系统(经过n多环节)相关。因此by mail,就是通过mail这个机制/手段,得到结果;而through(后面常说the mail),表示mail system。
⑤ by的使用范围比through普遍。
⑥ by,through和via常常放一起比较~